Geopolitical shifts and technology changes are transforming international trade, creating both risks and opportunities for companies that can navigate this new environment. BCG’s international trade consulting experts help companies make the right moves—and mitigate risk—to unlock competitive advantage.
For decades, companies built their global strategies around a set of basic premises. International trade and investment would grow ever freer, continue to drive global GDP growth, and be governed by multilateral rules and institutions. To secure a cost advantage, companies should build vast global footprints that enable them to manufacture and source in low-cost nations, and sell into virtually any national market.
Geopolitical shifts, disruptive technologies, and changing cost structures around the world are shattering assumptions of international business. The rapidly evolving, increasingly complex international trade environment certainly presents great risks. But it is also creating enormous opportunities for companies that know how to navigate it and are agile enough to adapt.
Taking a “wait-and-see approach” will not lead to an advantaged position for firms and governments. We help clients identify and implement a clear set of proactive moves to mitigate risk and seize competitive advantage as the international trade environment evolves:
To stay ahead, it is important to understand the megatrends that are transforming international trade. The following changes are not just driving headlines in the business press—they are affecting real companies in a very significant way:
Economic nationalism is rising. Anti-globalization movements on both the left and right of the political spectrum have fueled Brexit, trade wars, and renegotiation or withdrawal of multilateral agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.
State capitalism is expanding. The global footprint of state-owned enterprises, especially from China, is growing, even though they remain protected in their home markets.
Supply chains are becoming more local. Decreasing “labor arbitrage” driven by automation and increasingly flexible Industry 4.0 advanced manufacturing systems are making it more economical and practical to produce goods closer to customers, while diminishing the need for long-distance global supply chains.
The digital economy is supplanting the physical economy. While growth in cross-border merchandise trade slows, international, trade in services and value-added solutions via digital platforms is expanding.
One medical equipment maker was relieved at first when South Korea had negotiated an exemption from 25% US tariffs on steel; it was using specialty Korean steel in one of its devices. That all changed when significant supply-chain disruption set in and the firm realized that its supplier did not receive a quota allocation, and that it could not import this essential component at any price until the next quota allocation was granted three months later.
Also, a prominent Turkish white goods player was able to seize a significant market opportunity in the US when a large Chinese player was hit with US Tariffs on China.
Some may still argue that these examples are the results of specific political leaders in specific countries, and that once those leaders are gone, these sorts of problems will disappear. However, while the current political tensions around trade in many parts of the world may evolve, the four megatrends mentioned above will ensure that the international trading system will not return to the broad trend of trade liberalization and economic globalization that the world saw in the 1990s and 2000s.
BCG’s Nikolaus Lang describes three overarching shifts in global trade—what’s driving them and what their impact will be—as we look ahead to a complex 2023.
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Associate Director
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